Síncope miccional: presentación de 4 casos / Micturition syncope: report of 4 cases

El síncope miccional corresponde a la pérdida repentina de conciencia durante o prontamente después de la micción. Reportamos 4 casos de síncope miccional en pacientes con distintos perfiles médicos sin historia de patología cardiaca o neurológica subyacente.

Micturition syncope is the sudden loss of consciousness during or soon after urination. We report 4 cases of micturition syncope in patients with different medical profiles with no history of neurological or underlying cardiac pathology.

Cáncer renal y metástasis gástrica: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Renal cell carcinoma and gastric metastases: a case report and review of the literature

Objetivo: La metástasis gástrica del carcinoma de células renales es excepcional. Nosotros realizamos a una revisión de la literatura y presentamos un caso clínico. Métodos/Resultados: Varón de 62 años de edad, que se presenta con un tumor renal y metástasis gástrica detectados en una tomografía computada. Se realiza una nefrectomía radical más gastrectomía parcial. El paciente desarrolla metástasis progresivas y fallece siete meses más tarde. La revisión de la literatura revela que las metástasis gástricas producto de un carcinoma de células renales son excepcionales. Los casos reportados son principalmente detectados durante el seguimiento posterior a una nefrectomía, y generalmente asociados a una diseminación tumoral a otros órganos. El sangrado gastrointestinal como forma de presentación inicial del cáncer es muy infrecuente. El tratamiento consiste usualmente en manejo endoscópico del sangrado dado lo avanzado de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Las metástasis gástricas en los pacientes con carcinoma de células renales son un evento tardío en el curso de la enfermedad, y el pronóstico es generalmente pobre.

Objective: Gastric metastases from renal cell carcinoma are exceptional. We reviewed the literature on this subject and present a case report. Method and Results: A 62 year old male patient presented with a renal tumor and a gastric metastasis detected on computed tomography. A radical nephrectomy and partial gastrectomy was performed. The patient developed progressive metastatic disease and died seven months later. Review of the literature shows that gastric metastases from renal cell carcinoma are exceptional. Cases reported are mainly detected during follow up after nephrectomy, generally associated with tumor spread to other organs. A gastrointestinal bleeding as a presenting sign of the cancer is very uncommon. Treatment usually consists in local endoscopic therapy to control the bleeding, due to advanced disease. Conclusions: Gastric metastases in patients with renal carcinoma are a late event in the course of the disease, and the outcome is generally poor.

Litiasis biliar asociada a ceftriaxona en pediatría: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Biliary lithiasis due to ceftriaxone treatment in pediatric: report of two cases and literature review

Introducción: La ceftriaxona es una cefalosporina de tercera generación, bactericida, de amplio espectro de acción y de una vida media larga, por lo que es utilizada ampliamente en pediatría. Un efecto colateral poco conocido de este fármaco es la formación de precipitaciones biliares. Objetivo: Presentar 2 casos clínicos de pacientes de 9 y 14 años que cursaron con litiasis vesicular asintomática durante el tratamiento con ceftriaxona, y que tuvieron una resolución espontánea antes de 30 días. La revisión de la literatura muestra que la detección de precipitaciones biliares ocurre en un 14-47 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con ceftriaxona, los factores de riesgo de desarrollarlas es una mayor edad, tratamiento prolongado y dosis alta. Su resolución es espontánea y precoz. Conclusión: La formación de precipitaciones biliares si bien es frecuente, la mayoría de las veces es asintomática y de resolución espontánea, por lo que ceftriaxona sigue siendo un antibiótico seguro.

Introduction: Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin, with a wide spectrum of action and a prolonged half-life time. These properties have contributed to its widespread use in pediatric patients.An infrequent collateral effect is the development of biliary pseudolithiasis. The aim is to present two cases of 9 and 14 years old, with asymptomatic gallstones during treatment with ceftriaxone, andresolved spontaneously before 30 days. Material and methods: Literature review shows that biliary pseudolithiasis occurs between 14 percent to 47 percent of patients treated with ceftriaxone. Risk factors are older age, long treatment, and high doses. Its resolution is early and spontaneous. Conclusion: Formation of biliary pseudolithiasis although frequent, most of the times is asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously, therefore ceftriaxone remains as safe antibiotic.

Linfadenectomía retroperitoneal lumboaórtica laparoscópica en cáncer de testículo: [revisión] / Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection in testis cancer: [review]

La Linfadenectomía Retroperitoneal Lumboaórtica (LALA) abierta es un procedimiento con una alta tasa de complicaciones. La LALA laparoscópica representa una opción viable a su contraparte abierta en términos de morbilidad, sin embargo conocimientos laparoscópicos sólidos son fundamental espera llevar a cabo esta cirugía en forma segura. En la siguiente revisión abordaremos los principales aspectos de la técnica laparoscópica, incluyendo sus indicaciones, vías de acceso, técnica quirúrgica, y complicaciones, desarrollando además algunas controversias actuales sobre la linfadenectomía lumbo-aórtica laparoscópica por cáncer de testículo.

Open RPLND it is a procedure with high rate of complications. Laparoscopic RPLND is an alternative to his open counterpart in terms of morbidity; however solid laparoscopic skills are necessary to safely performance this surgery. In the following, we assess indications, access, surgical technique, complications and controversies of the laparoscopic RPLND.

Utilización de la nefrostomía percutánea en la práctica urológica / Percutaneous nephrostomy in clinical practice

Objetivo: Presentar una serie de nefrostomías percutáneas realizadas únicamente por urólogos de un mismo servicio. Se describen las indicaciones y se detallan las complicaciones y los resultados obtenidos. Material y métodos: La serie esta constituida por 53 pacientes, 29 hombres y 24 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 64,2 años (rango 10 a 83 años). Se excluyen de este análisis las nefrostomías efectuadas para una nefrolitectomía percutánea. Resultados: La indicación primaria de la nefrostomía percutánea fue: obstrucción ureteral en 36 casos, pionefrosis en 13 e hidronefrosis secundaria a litiasis en 4 casos. La patología de base fue una obstrucción ureteral maligna en 31 pacientes, litiasis obstructiva en 13 casos, estenosis ureteral en derivación urinaria en 8 casos y 1 caso de estenosis pieloureteral. El procedimiento de nefrostomía fue unilateral en 26 casos (derecho en 27 e izquierdo en 17) y bilateral en 9 casos, para un total de 62 nefrostomías en 53 pacientes. La única complicación observada fue una obstrucción de la nefrostomía en un caso de derivación por obstrucción maligna, la cual requirió cambio sin inconvenientes. Conclusiones: La nefrostomía percutánea es un procedimiento de amplia difusión, de resultados satisfactorios, con baja morbilidad y con capacidad de poder ser realizada en forma ambulatoria. Recalcamos la importancia de que la colocación de la misma sea efectuada por el urólogo.

Objective: To report a series of percutaneous nephrostomies solely performed by urologist of a single institution. Indications, complications and results are presented. Material and methods: A total of 53 patiens, 29 male and 24 female with a mean age of 64.2 years (range 10 to 83 years) underwent percutaneous nephrostomy placement at our institution. Nephrostomies associated with lithotomy are excluded. Results: Primary indication for nephrostomy tube placement was: ureteral obstruction 36 cases, pyonephrosis 13 cases, hydronephrosis secondary to stone 4 cases. Malign ureteral obstruction was seen in 31 patients, obstructive calculi in 13 patients and ureteral malign stenosis in 8 patients. One patient presented with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A total of 62 nephrostomies were placed, unilateral nephrostomy was performed in 26 cases and bilateral in 9 cases (27 right and 17 left). One patient with a ureteral obstruction secondary to malign pathology required nephrostomy tube replacement. Conclusions: Percutaneous nephrostomy is wide spread procedure with satisfactory results, low morbidity and it can be performed in an ambulatory basis. We emphasize the importance of the urologist being carried out by the urologist.

Tratamiento endoscópico de estenosis ureteral en paciente con trasplante renal / Endoscopic management of ureteral stenosis in a transplanted kidney

Las complicaciones post trasplante han disminuido gracias a la mejor inmunosupresión y las técnicas quirúrgicas más desarrolladas, pese a ello, la estenosis de la unión ureterovesical se mantiene como una frecuente causa de morbilidad (2 por ciento al 10 por ciento), representando el 70 por ciento de las complicaciones urológicas. El tratamiento mínimamente invasivo endourológico es una opción válida con muy buenos resultados e índices bajos de complicaciones. Presentamos un caso clínico de estenosis ureteral en un paciente trasplantado y describimos su resolución a través de una técnica endourológica anterógrada.

Secondary to a better immunosuppression and surgical techniques post-transplant complications have decreased, however the ureterovesical junction stricture remains a frequent cause of morbidity (2 to 10 percent), representing the 70 percent of urologic complications. The minimally invasive endourological treatment is an alternative treatment with very good results and low complications rates. We present a case of neovesical junction stricture in a transplant patient and describe its resolution through an anterógrada endourological technique.

Fístulas colovesicales: análisis de 7 casos / Colovesical fistula: report of 7 cases

Introducción: La fístula colovesical es una comunicación anormal entre vejiga e intestino grueso. Generalmente es secundaria a una enfermedad inflamatoria o neoplásica representando un desafío tanto diagnóstico como terapéutico. Material y método: Se revisaron en forma retrospectiva los pacientes intervenidos con el diagnóstico de fístula colovesical entre agosto de 1991 y mayo de 2006, registrando su distribución por sexo, edad, etiología, sintomatología, exámenes complementarios y tratamiento quirúrgico. Todos los pacientes se estudiaron mediante tomografía axial computada (TAC), cistoscopia y enema baritado. Resultados: Se revisaron 7 pacientes, hombre/mujer 4/3, con edad promedio de 60 años (rango 42-82). En 5 pacientes (71,5 por ciento) la fístula fue secundaria a una enfermedad diverticular complicada y en 2 casos (28,5 por ciento) a neoplasia de colon. La fecaluria y la neumaturia fueron los principales motivos de consulta. En 2 casos (28,5 por ciento) el motivo de consulta fue dolor pélvico, y 2 pacientes (28,5 por ciento) consultaron por infecciones urinarias. La cistoscopia mostró el orificio fistuloso en 4 de 7 pacientes (57,1 por ciento). El enema baritado mostró la fístula en 4 de7 casos (57,1 por ciento). La TAC fue diagnosticada en 5 de 7 casos(71,4 por ciento). En los 7 casos se efectuó una hemicolectomía izquierda más cistectomía parcial. El promedio de días de hospitalización fue de 9,7 días (rango 7-12) y no se registraron complicaciones posoperatorias ni mortalidad. Conclusiones: La fístula colovesical es una patología poco frecuente. Su principal etiología es la enfermedad diverticular complicada. Fecaluria y neumaturia son signos patognomónicos. La TAC es el examen diagnóstico de elección. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, y en la actualidad se recomienda la reparación en un tiempo operatorio.

Introduction: Colovesical fistula is an abnormal comunication between the bladder and the colon. Usually it is associated with inflammatory or neoplasic disease and its management remains a challenge Material and methods: Patients with colovesical fistula that underwent repair between 1991 and 2006 were analyzed. Age, sex, etiology, clinical and imaging findings were reviewed. All patients underwent CT scan with rectal contrast. Results: Out of 7 patients (4 male) with a mean age of 60 years (range 42-82), fistula was secondary to complicated colonic diverticula and colonic tumour in 5 (71.5 percent) and 2 (28.5 percent) respectively. Fecaluria and pneumaturia were the main complains. Two patients were seen for pelvis pain and another two for urinary infections. Cystoscopy allowed for fistula identification in 4 out of 7 patients (57.1 percent). Retrograde colonography was positive in 4 out of 7 cases. CT scan showed fistula in 5 of the 7 patients (71.4 percent). All patients underwent left colectomy and partial cystectomy. Mean hospital stay was 9.7 days (range 7 to 12) there were no postoperatory complications. Conclusion: Colovesical fistula is a rare occurrence. Its main etiology is colonic diverticular disease. Fecaluria and pneumaturia are pathognomonic. CT scan is the image modality of choice. Surgical treatment is always warranted and one time repair is currently advocated.

Management of diaphragmatic injury during transperitoneal laparoscopic urological procedures

INTRODUCTION: Carbon dioxide pneumothorax is a rare complication in laparoscopic urology, but with the widespread use of laparoscopy and the increasing surgical pathologies managed by this technique this infrequent complication has become a potential risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 786 laparoscopic transperitoneal urologic operations were reviewed at our institution. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon and included 213 adrenalectomies, 181 simple nephrectomies, 143 lymphadenectomies, 118 radical nephrectomies, 107 partial nephrectomies and 24 nephroureterectomies. Mean patient age was 53.2 years (range 24 to 70). Mean BMI was 28.15 Kg/m2 (range 20 to 48.9). RESULTS: A total of 6 cases (0.7 percent) of diaphragmatic injury were found. All reported patients had additional factors that may have contributed to diaphragmatic injury. Diaphragmatic repair was always carried out by intracorporeal suturing and only one case required chest tube placement. All patients evolved uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: Repair of diaphragmatic injuries should always be attempted with intracorporeal suture since this is a feasible, reproducible and reliable technique.

Management of rectal injury during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: Because laparoscopic radical prostatectomy remains a challenging procedure, rectal injury is always a potential complication. We review the incidence of rectal injuries at our institution in the first 110 consecutive laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine (8 percent) out of the first 110 laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomies performed between December 2001 and February 2004, were complicated by rectal injury. Mean patient age was 64.9 years (range 52 to 74) and mean prostate specific antigen was 11.45 ng/mL (range 4.8 to 37.4). Median preoperative Gleason score was 6 (range 4 to 8) and clinical stage was T1c, T2a, T2b in 6, 2 and 1 patient, respectively. Mean operative time was 228 minutes (range 150 to 300). RESULTS: From 9 injuries, 6 were diagnosed and repaired intraoperatively and 3 were diagnosed postoperatively. From the 6 cases of intraoperative diagnosis and repair, 3 patients healed primarily without colostomy and a recto-urinary fistula was evidenced by pneumaturia in the remaining three. These 3 patients were managed conservatively with urethral catheterization during 30 days. One of the patients required secondary fistula repair by anterior transphincteric, transanal surgical approach (ASTRA). Urinary fistula was diagnosed postoperatively on 3 patients. A diverting colostomy was performed on one patient with secondary fistula repair by ASTRA. Another patient required laparotomy due to peritonitis and urinary fistula was later managed with ASTRA. On the third patient conservative management with urethral catheter was successful. All fistulas repaired with ASTRA evolved uneventfully. There was no perioperative mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal injury during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can be managed intraoperatively or by a minimally invasive procedure without the need of colostomy. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a challenging procedure and is associated with a very flat flat learning curve; the incidence of rectal injuries is prone to diminish with experience.

Complications in laparoscopic radical cystectomy: The South American experience with 59 cases

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we have gathered the second largest series yet published on laparoscopic radical cystectomy in order to evaluate the incidence and cause of intra and postoperative complication, conversion to open surgery, and patient mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 2005, 59 laparoscopic radical cystectomies were performed for the management of bladder cancer at 3 institutions in South America. Twenty nine patients received continent urinary diversion, including 25 orthotopic ileal neobladders and 4 Indiana pouches. Only one case of continent urinary diversion was performed completely intracorporeally. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 337 minutes (150-600). Estimated intraoperative blood loss was 488 mL (50-1500) and 12 patients (20 percent) required blood transfusion. All 7 (12 percent) intraoperative complications were vascular in nature, that is, 1 epigastric vessel injury, 2 injuries to the iliac vessels (1 artery and 1 vein), and 4 bleedings that occurred during the bladder pedicles control. Eighteen (30 percent) postoperative complications (not counting mortalities) occurred, including 3 urinary tract infections, 1 pneumonia, 1 wound infection, 5 ileus, 2 persistent chylous drainage, 3 urinary fistulas, and 3 (5 percent) postoperative complications that required surgical intervention (2 hernias - one in the port site and one in the extraction incision, and 1 bowel obstruction). One case (1.7 percent) was electively converted to open surgery due to a larger tumor that precluded proper posterior dissection. Two mortalities (3.3 percent) occurred in this series, one early mortality due to uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding and one late mortality following massive pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a safe operation with morbidity and mortality rates comparable to the open surgery.